Pressure is the other factor. The higher the pressure of the CO2 gas, the more quickly and completely it will dissolve into the water. So, to carbonate water, you chill it and then apply high-pressure CO2. Soda makers use a tube or wand that pokes into the water when they carbonate it. The CO2 dissolves into the water on its surface, and creating bubbles increases this area and helps more CO2 dissolve.
Look closely when you make fizzy water. You can see some of the small bubbles disappear completely before they hit the surface because all of the CO2 that forms the bubble has been dissolved. After a little time, the water will have absorbed as much CO2 as it can. As long as there is enough pressure in the CO2 gas above the water, the dissolved CO2 can't escape. Chemists call this an equilibrium: The pressure of the CO2 gas stops the CO2 dissolved in the water from escaping, and the amount of CO2 dissolved in the water stops the gas from dissolving into the water.
Although the amount of CO2 that can be dissolved in water decreases as the temperature rises, this equilibrium will still hold. Chemists call this a supersaturated solution: The water is holding onto more CO2 than it would absorb at that temperature. It has nowhere to go until you open the bottle, or the pressure of the gas breaks or bursts the bottle. Plastic bottles and metal cans are incredibly strong, but they do burst. You'll see this phenomenon if you leave a can of Coke in a hot car for a long time.
One odd quirk of carbonation is what happens if you freeze a carbonated drink: The bottle or can usually bursts. Given that cold water holds more CO2 than warm, you might expect the opposite to happen.
But cold water and ice are not the same thing, and CO2 is not soluble in ice. When you freeze a bottle of soda, the water freezes and forces out the CO2. This creates a huge amount of gas pressure inside the can.
Eventually, the combination of this pressure and the expansion of the ice which is less dense than water will burst the bottle or can. That's why you don't freeze sodas. It also explains the effectiveness of giving someone a can of soda that has been in the freezer for a bit so it gushes out when they open it.
The near-freezing soda is pushing the CO2 out, which creates the pressure for the prank to work. The study showed that over nine years, people who drank diet soda gained almost three times as much belly fat as those who didn't drink diet soda. Researchers have theorized that the consumption of artificial sweeteners leads to more sugar cravings, and therefore causes people to eat more calories than they normally would.
Drinking soda causes your blood sugar to spike, and it sends your pancreas into overdrive producing insulin to metabolize all that sugar. So it's no surprise a study in the American Heart Association journal Circulation found that consuming sugar-sweetened beverages, like soda, was linked to the onset of type 2 diabetes.
And this correlation was independent of obesity's impact on developing type 2 diabetes. The researchers of the study recommended a decrease in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, and we couldn't agree more. It makes sense, but it's worth noting: drinking sugar-sweetened beverages will increase your risk of diabetes as well as your risk of prediabetes.
Prediabetes is a condition where your blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but are not at the levels found in diabetics. When Tufts University researchers examined the dietary habits of Americans, they found that those who consumed roughly six ounce cans of soda a week had a 46 percent higher risk of developing prediabetes compared to those who drank less soda as well as those who drank no soda at all over the course of 14 years.
Since 25 percent of prediabetics will develop type 2 diabetes over a 5-year time period, the fact that sipping on soda increases your risk of prediabetics is just as scary as its effect on diabetes risk. Drinking soda regularly doesn't just give you less energy; it also slows down your swimmers.
The Rochester Young Men's Study , which examined healthy young men at the University of Rochester, found that participants who drank more sugar-sweetened beverages, including soda, experienced lower sperm motility. Men's fertility isn't the only thing that can be disrupted by soda consumption. According to a study published in the journal Epidemiology , consuming just one or more sugar-sweetened beverage a day—by either a man or woman—is associated with a decreased chance of getting pregnant.
Soda has been linked to poor kidney function according to a study out of Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine in Japan. Researchers studied 8, participants who all had normal kidney function at the beginning of the study, split into one group who drank no soda, one who had one a day, and another who had two a day.
Not surprisingly, the group who drank two sodas a day had a much higher chance of developing proteinuria, a condition in which protein isn't properly filtered by the kidneys and a sign of chronic kidney disease. Scary stuff. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in adults in America, accounting for , lives a year, according to the CDC. Although people typically associate poor heart health with poor lifestyle habits like smoking and not working out, drinking soda should also be on the top of that list.
The researchers found the correlation to be independent of obesity and weight gain alone, and believe soda's inflammatory properties play a role. Sugary beverages have also been linked to higher levels of triglycerides and low levels of HDL, or good cholesterol, which all lead to poor heart function.
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